Doctors may classify traumatic brain injury as mild, moderate or severe, depending on whether the injury causes unconsciousness, how long unconsciousness lasts and the severity of the individual's symptoms. Occupational therapy and community reintegration of persons with brain injury.Most TBIs are caused by falls, being struck by an object or by vehicle crashes. American Occupational Therapy Association.American Association for the Surgery of Trauma.American Association of Neurological Surgeons.Responding to a concussion and action plan for coaches. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Traumatic brain injury: Hope through research. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Cognitive therapy to improve memory, attention, perception, learning, planning, and judgment.Vocational counseling to help a patient return to work and community living by finding appropriate work opportunities and ways to deal with workplace challenges.Psychological counseling to learn coping skills, work on interpersonal relationships, and improve general emotional well-being can include medication and other ways to address chemical imbalances that may result from TBI.Speech therapy to improve the ability to form words, speak aloud, and use other communication skills can include instruction on how to use special communication devices and treatment of trouble swallowing, called dysphagia. ![]() Occupational therapy to learn or relearn how to perform daily tasks, such as getting dressed, cooking, and bathing.Physical therapy to build physical strength, balance, and flexibility and to help restore energy levels.Rehabilitation therapy may include the following 7: 6 They often work together to design a treatment program to meet a person’s specific needs and to improve his or her abilities to function at home and in the community. Rehabilitation generally involves a number of healthcare specialists, the person’s family, and someone who manages the team. Therapy usually begins in the hospital and can continue in a number of places, including rehabilitation hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, homes, schools, and outpatient programs. Depending on the injury, these treatments may be needed only briefly after the injury, occasionally throughout a person’s life, or on an ongoing basis. Rehabilitation can include several different kinds of therapy for physical, emotional, and cognitive difficulties and for a variety of activities, such as daily self-care, driving, and interacting with others. Therapies can help people with TBI recover functions, relearn skills, and find new ways to do things that take their new health status into account. In some cases, making a hole in the skull or adding a shunt or drain is needed to relieve pressure inside the skull and allow excess fluid to drain. A TBI patient’s ICP is monitored during emergency care. Increased pressure from swelling, blood, and other things in the skull damage the brain. Relieving pressure inside the skull (called intracranial pressure or ICP).Setting severe skull fractures or removing pieces of skull or other debris from the brain area can help start the healing process of the skull and surrounding tissues. These areas of clotted or pooling blood put pressure on the brain and can damage brain tissues. Bleeding in the brain or between the brain and skull can lead to large areas of clotted blood, sometimes called hematomas. ![]() Sometimes surgery is needed as part of emergency care to reduce damage to the brain. 3 Once the patient is stable, other types of care for TBI can begin. Emergency care generally focuses on stabilizing and keeping the patient alive, including making sure the brain gets enough oxygen, controlling blood and brain pressure, and preventing further injury to the head or neck.
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